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  网络传输过程中的粘包
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  <h2 id="网络通信"><a href="#网络通信" class="headerlink" title="网络通信"></a>网络通信</h2><p>OSI 七层模型：</p>
<ol>
<li>应用层：用户与网路的接口。http/https 协议</li>
<li>表示层：数据加密，转换，压缩</li>
<li>会话层：控制网络连接的建立与终止</li>
<li>传输层：控制数据传输可靠性。TCP/UTP 协议</li>
<li>网络层：通过路由找到目标网络。IP 协议</li>
<li>数据链路层：通过 mac 地址确定目标主机</li>
<li>物理层：各种物理设备和标准</li>
</ol>
<p>数据从 A 到 B，先封装再解封。</p>
<span id="more"></span>

<h3 id="1-传输层"><a href="#1-传输层" class="headerlink" title="1. 传输层"></a>1. 传输层</h3><p>TCP 处于传输层，基于端口，面向连接、处理实时通信：</p>
<ol>
<li>主机之间想通信要先建立双向数据通道</li>
<li>三次握手与四次挥手：三次握手建立连接，四次挥手断开连接。  </li>
</ol>
<h3 id="2-创建-TCP-通信"><a href="#2-创建-TCP-通信" class="headerlink" title="2. 创建 TCP 通信"></a>2. 创建 TCP 通信</h3><p>node 中 net 模块实现了底层异步的网络 API，用于创建基于流的 TCP 或 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://nodejs.cn/api-v16/net.html#ipc-support">IPC</a> 服务器和客户端。</p>
<p>通过域名找到主机，通过端口找到进程。</p>
<p><code>net.Socket</code> 可以由用户创建并直接用于与服务器交互。 例如，通过 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://nodejs.cn/api/net.html#netcreateconnection"><code>net.createConnection()</code></a> 返回它，因此用户可以使用它与服务器对话。它也可以由 Node.js 创建并在接收到连接时传给用户。 例如，它被传给在 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://nodejs.cn/api/net.html#class-netserver"><code>net.Server</code></a> 上触发的 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://nodejs.cn/api/net.html#event-connection"><code>&#39;connection&#39;</code></a> 事件的监听器，因此用户可以使用它与客户端进行交互。</p>
<p>采用 <code>scoket.write()</code> 进行数据的写入；监听 <code>data</code> 事件进行数据的接收读取。</p>
<h3 id="3-数据粘包"><a href="#3-数据粘包" class="headerlink" title="3. 数据粘包"></a>3. 数据粘包</h3><p>TCP 拥塞机制决定发送时机。数据发送时会将数据 push 进缓存中，到了合适时机，会将缓存中的数据全部发送。此时在发送数据的过程中会出现数据粘包的问题。该问题可通过代码做展示：</p>
<p>服务端代码：</p>
<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// server.js</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> net = <span class="built_in">require</span>(<span class="string">&#x27;net&#x27;</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> server = net.createServer()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">server.listen(<span class="number">1234</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;localhost&#x27;</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">server.on(<span class="string">&#x27;listening&#x27;</span>, <span class="function">() =&gt;</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="string">&#x27;服务端运行在 localhost:1234&#x27;</span>)</span><br><span class="line">&#125;)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">server.on(<span class="string">&#x27;connection&#x27;</span>, <span class="function">(<span class="params">socket</span>) =&gt;</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="comment">// socket 类似双工流。可读可写</span></span><br><span class="line">  socket.on(<span class="string">&#x27;data&#x27;</span>, <span class="function">(<span class="params">chunk</span>) =&gt;</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(chunk.toString())</span><br><span class="line">    socket.write(<span class="string">`您好，<span class="subst">$&#123;chunk.toString()&#125;</span>`</span>)</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;)</span><br><span class="line">&#125;)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>客户端代码：</p>
<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// client.js</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> net = <span class="built_in">require</span>(<span class="string">&#x27;net&#x27;</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> client = net.createConnection(&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  port: <span class="number">1234</span>,</span><br><span class="line">  host: <span class="string">&#x27;localhost&#x27;</span>,</span><br><span class="line">&#125;)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">client.write(<span class="string">&#x27;测试一下~&#x27;</span>)</span><br><span class="line">client.write(<span class="string">&#x27;测试两下~&#x27;</span>)</span><br><span class="line">client.write(<span class="string">&#x27;测试三下~&#x27;</span>)</span><br><span class="line">client.write(<span class="string">&#x27;测试四下~&#x27;</span>)</span><br><span class="line">client.write(<span class="string">&#x27;测试五下~&#x27;</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">client.on(<span class="string">&#x27;data&#x27;</span>, <span class="function">(<span class="params">chunk</span>) =&gt;</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(chunk.toString())</span><br><span class="line">&#125;)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>运行结果展示：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">服务端 console 结果：</span><br><span class="line">测试一下~</span><br><span class="line">测试两下~测试三下~测试四下~测试五下~</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">客户端 console 结果:</span><br><span class="line">您好，测试两下~测试三下~测试四下~测试五下~</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<p>针对发送数据过程中存在的数据粘包问题解决方案：</p>
<ol>
<li>数据发送之间设置长间隔</li>
<li>数据的封包和拆包（推荐）</li>
</ol>
<p>通过数据的封包和拆包解决数据粘连问题。此时一条完整的消息主要包含两部分：请求头（序列号、消息长度）、请求体（消息体）。即数据传输过程：</p>
<ol>
<li>对数据进行编码，获取二进制数据包进行传输（writeInt16BE）</li>
<li>按规则拆解数据，获取指定长度的数据进行处理 (readInt16BE) </li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 封包拆包 </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">MyTransformCode</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="function"><span class="title">constructor</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 消息头包含 消息序列号 + 消息体长度</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">this</span>.headerLen = <span class="number">4</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">this</span>.seriesNum = <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">this</span>.seriesLen = <span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line">  &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="function"><span class="title">encode</span>(<span class="params">body, seriesNum</span>)</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 将 body 转为 buffer</span></span><br><span class="line">    body = Buffer.from(body)</span><br><span class="line">    seriesNum = seriesNum || <span class="built_in">this</span>.seriesNum</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 消息头 buffer</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">const</span> headerBuff = Buffer.alloc(<span class="built_in">this</span>.headerLen)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 将信息写入消息头 buffer 中</span></span><br><span class="line">    headerBuff.writeInt16BE(seriesNum)</span><br><span class="line">    headerBuff.writeInt16BE(body.length, <span class="built_in">this</span>.seriesLen)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span>(seriesNum === <span class="literal">undefined</span>) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">      <span class="built_in">this</span>.seriesNum++</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 返回</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> Buffer.concat([headerBuff, body])</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="function"><span class="title">decode</span>(<span class="params">body</span>)</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">      seriesNum: body.readInt16BE(),</span><br><span class="line">      bodyLen: body.readInt16BE(<span class="built_in">this</span>.seriesLen), </span><br><span class="line">      body: body.slice(<span class="built_in">this</span>.headerLen).toString()</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="function"><span class="title">getPackageLen</span>(<span class="params">buf</span>)</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span>(buf.length &lt; <span class="built_in">this</span>.headerLen) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">      <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="built_in">this</span>.headerLen + buf.readInt16BE(<span class="built_in">this</span>.seriesLen)</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">module</span>.exports = MyTransformCode</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// server.js</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> net = <span class="built_in">require</span>(<span class="string">&#x27;net&#x27;</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> MyTransformCode = <span class="built_in">require</span>(<span class="string">&#x27;./MyTransformCode&#x27;</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> trans = <span class="keyword">new</span> MyTransformCode()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> server = net.createServer()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">let</span> packContent = <span class="literal">null</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">server.listen(<span class="number">1234</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;localhost&#x27;</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">server.on(<span class="string">&#x27;listening&#x27;</span>, <span class="function">() =&gt;</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="string">&#x27;服务端运行在 localhost:1234&#x27;</span>)</span><br><span class="line">&#125;)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">server.on(<span class="string">&#x27;connection&#x27;</span>, <span class="function">(<span class="params">socket</span>) =&gt;</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="comment">// socket 类似双工流。可读可写</span></span><br><span class="line">  socket.on(<span class="string">&#x27;data&#x27;</span>, <span class="function">(<span class="params">chunk</span>) =&gt;</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span>(packContent) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">      chunk = Buffer.concat([packContent, chunk])</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">let</span> packlen = <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">while</span>(packlen = trans.getPackageLen(chunk)) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">      <span class="comment">// 包内有内容</span></span><br><span class="line">      <span class="keyword">const</span> currentChunk = chunk.slice(<span class="number">0</span>, packlen)</span><br><span class="line">      chunk = chunk.slice(packlen)</span><br><span class="line">      <span class="keyword">const</span> data = trans.decode(currentChunk)</span><br><span class="line">      <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(data)</span><br><span class="line">      socket.write(trans.encode(data.body, data.seriesNum))</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    packContent = packContent ? Buffer.concat([packContent, chunk]) : chunk</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;)</span><br><span class="line">&#125;)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// client.js</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> net = <span class="built_in">require</span>(<span class="string">&#x27;net&#x27;</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> MyTransformCode = <span class="built_in">require</span>(<span class="string">&#x27;./MyTransformCode&#x27;</span>) </span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> trans = <span class="keyword">new</span> MyTransformCode()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">let</span> packContent = <span class="literal">null</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> client = net.createConnection(&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  port: <span class="number">1234</span>,</span><br><span class="line">  host: <span class="string">&#x27;localhost&#x27;</span>,</span><br><span class="line">&#125;)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">client.write(trans.encode(<span class="string">&#x27;测试一下~&#x27;</span>))</span><br><span class="line">client.write(trans.encode(<span class="string">&#x27;测试两下~&#x27;</span>))</span><br><span class="line">client.write(trans.encode(<span class="string">&#x27;测试三下~&#x27;</span>))</span><br><span class="line">client.write(trans.encode(<span class="string">&#x27;测试四下~&#x27;</span>))</span><br><span class="line">client.write(trans.encode(<span class="string">&#x27;测试五下~&#x27;</span>))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">client.on(<span class="string">&#x27;data&#x27;</span>, <span class="function">(<span class="params">chunk</span>) =&gt;</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">if</span>(packContent) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    chunk = Buffer.concat([packContent, chunk])</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">let</span> packlen = <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">while</span>(packlen = trans.getPackageLen(chunk)) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 包内有内容</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">const</span> currentChunk = chunk.slice(<span class="number">0</span>, packlen)</span><br><span class="line">    chunk = chunk.slice(packlen)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">const</span> data = trans.decode(currentChunk)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(data)</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;</span><br><span class="line">  packContent = packContent ? Buffer.concat([packContent, chunk]) : chunk</span><br><span class="line">&#125;)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">服务端 console 结果：</span><br><span class="line">测试一下~</span><br><span class="line">测试两下~</span><br><span class="line">测试三下~</span><br><span class="line">测试四下~</span><br><span class="line">测试五下~</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">客户端 console 结果:</span><br><span class="line">测试一下~</span><br><span class="line">测试两下~</span><br><span class="line">测试三下~</span><br><span class="line">测试四下~</span><br><span class="line">测试五下~</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>





























 
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